Culms 15-75 cm. Leaves: basal sheaths reddish; blades of flowering stems channeled or involute, glaucous to grayish green, shorter than to equaling stems, widest blades 1-3.5(-4.3) mm wide. Inflorescences: peduncle of terminal spike 0.2-1 cm; proximal bract 2-10 times as long as inflorescence; pistillate spikes 2-5, spreading to ascending, ovoid to ellipsoid; distal 2-3 spikes clustered, sessile; terminal staminate spike 5-30 × 2-4 mm. Pistillate scales reddish brown with green midribs, apex acute or apiculate. Staminate scales reddish brown with green midribs, margins scarious, apex obtuse to acuminate. Anthers 1.2-3 mm. Perigynia grayish green, with reddish brown speckles, 2.7-3.9 × 1.2-1.9 mm; beak 0.5-1.1 mm. 2n = 60. Fruiting Jun-Jul. Borders of brackish marshes, meadows, and swamps; 0-50 m; introduced; Md., N.Y., Va.; Eurasia; n Africa. Carex extensa, native to Eurasia, is locally established along the coast from Long Island, New York, to Norfolk County, Virginia. It was first collected on Coney Island, New York in 1860, and it persists in Maryland and Virginia. Additional localities should be sought along that stretch of coast. Chromosomes counts are not available from North American material; European materials are consistently counted as 2n = 60 (E. W. Davies 1956; W. Dietrich 1972; M. Queiros 1980).
Stems tufted, stiff and wiry, 2-5 dm; lvs involute, 1-3 mm wide, glaucous or grayish-green, the sheaths red-dotted ventrally; staminate spike sessile or short-peduncled, 1-2.5 cm; pistillate spikes 2-4, slightly or widely separated, 0.5-2 cm, erect, sessile or nearly so, cylindric; lowest bract elongate; pistillate scales ovate, two-thirds as long as the perigynia, reddish-brown; perigynia ascending, ovoid, brown, 2.5-4 mm, firm, strongly ribbed and nerved, tapering into a beak a fourth as long as the body; 2n=60. Native of Europe, intr. at the edge of salt-marshes from L.I. to Va.
Gleason, Henry A. & Cronquist, Arthur J. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. lxxv + 910 pp.
