Trees , to 20 m; trunks tall, straight, crowns narrow. Bark of mature trunks and branches light grayish brown to dark brown or nearly black, smooth, close, furrowed and broken into shallow scales with age. Twigs with taste and odor of wintergreen when crushed, glabrous to sparsely pubescent, usually covered with small resinous glands. Leaf blade ovate to oblong-ovate with 12--18 pairs of lateral veins, 5--10 × 3--6 cm, base rounded to cordate, margins finely and sharply serrate or obscurely doubly serrate, teeth fine, sharp, apex acuminate; surfaces abaxially mostly glabrous, except sparsely pubescent along major veins and in vein axils, often with scattered, minute, resinous glands. Infructescences erect, ovoid to nearly globose, 1.5--4 × 1.5--2.5 cm, usually remaining intact for a period after release of fruits in fall; scales mostly glabrous, lobes diverging at or proximal to middle, central lobe short, cuneate, lateral lobes extended to slightly ascending, longer and broader than central lobe. Samaras with wings narrower than body, broadest near center, not extended beyond body apically. 2 n = 28. Flowering late spring. Rich, moist, cool forests, especially on protected slopes, to rockier, more exposed sites; 0--1500 m; Ont.; Ala., Conn., Ga., Ky., Maine, Md., Mass., Miss., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Pa., R.I., S.C., Tenn., Vt., Va., W.Va. Betula lenta is a dominant tree in the northern hardwood forests of the northern Appalachians and a valuable source of timber. It was formerly the chief commercial source of wintergreen oil (methyl salicylate), which is distilled from its wood. Betula lenta is most easily separated from B . alleghaniensis by its close bark and the glabrous scales of infructescences. Native Americans used Betula lenta medicinally to treat dysentery, colds, diarrhea, fevers, soreness, and milky urine, and as a spring tonic.

Tree to 25 m, the smooth, reddish-brown bark exfoliating in thin layers, eventually becoming rough, with large, thickened, loose-edged plates on large trees; crushed twigs with a strong flavor of wintergreen; lvs ovate or ovate-oblong, 5-10 cm, acute or short-acuminate, very finely and sharply serrate, rounded to subcordate at base, appressed-villous on the veins beneath; lateral veins 9-12 pairs, impressed above; fruiting catkins sessile or nearly so, short-cylindric to ellipsoid or somewhat obovoid, 2-3 cm; scales glabrous, 5-7 mm, the middle lobe somewhat prolonged, the oblong lateral lobes divergent or ascending; frs broadly triangular-obovoid, 2.4-3 mm and about as wide, the body half as wide; 2n=28. Moist woods; s. Me. and s. Que. to Del., O., and Ky., and in the mts. to Ga. and Ala. (B. uber (Ashe) Fernald, a striking variant in Smyth Co., Va., with rounded lvs 2-4 cm, and 3-6 pairs of lateral veins)

Gleason, Henry A. & Cronquist, Arthur J. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. lxxv + 910 pp.

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